Lung cancer is one of the most common and serious types of cancer worldwide, affecting both smokers and non-smokers. It begins when abnormal cells in the lungs grow uncontrollably, forming tumors that can interfere with normal breathing and spread to other parts of the body. There are two main types: non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which is the most common, and small cell lung cancer (SCLC), which tends to grow and spread more quickly. Because lung cancer often doesn’t cause symptoms in its early stages, many cases are diagnosed only after the disease has advanced.

Several risk factors increase the likelihood of developing lung cancer, with smoking being the most significant—responsible for the majority of cases. However, exposure to secondhand smoke, radon gas, asbestos, air pollution, and certain workplace chemicals can also raise risk. A family history of lung cancer, prior radiation therapy to the chest, and underlying lung diseases such as COPD further contribute to vulnerability. Importantly, even people who have never smoked can still develop lung cancer, making awareness and regular medical check-ins essential.

Signs and symptoms of lung cancer may vary but often include a persistent cough that doesn’t go away, coughing up blood, chest pain, shortness of breath, wheezing, hoarseness, or recurring respiratory infections like bronchitis or pneumonia. Some individuals may experience unexplained weight loss, fatigue, or loss of appetite. As the disease progresses, symptoms can become more noticeable and severe. Anyone who experiences these symptoms—especially if they have risk factors—should seek medical evaluation promptly, since early detection greatly improves treatment outcomes.